Nephrology

• Diagnosis and Staging: Identifying and categorizing the severity of CKD, often through blood tests (e.g., glomerular filtration rate or GFR) and urine tests.
• Management: Slowing the progression of CKD through medication, diet changes, and lifestyle modifications.
• Monitoring: Regular follow-ups to track kidney function and manage complications.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

• Identification and Treatment: Rapid diagnosis and intervention to treat sudden kidney failure, often due to illness, injury, or medication side effects.
• Dialysis: Temporary dialysis treatment may be needed to support kidney function during recovery

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

• Blood Pressure Management: Controlling high blood pressure to prevent kidney damage and manage existing kidney disease.
• Medication: Prescribing antihypertensive drugs tailored to patients with kidney issues

Glomerular Diseases

• Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli), which can lead to kidney failure if untreated.
• Nephrotic Syndrome: A condition characterized by proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and swelling; often treated with medication and dietary changes.

Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

• Hyperkalaemia: Managing high potassium levels, which can be dangerous for patients with kidney disease.
• Acidosis: Treating the build-up of acid in the blood due to poor kidney function.

Kidney Stones

• Diagnosis: Imaging and lab tests to identify kidney stones and their composition.
• Treatment: Managing kidney stones through medication, dietary changes, or procedures like lithotripsy (breaking up stones) or surgery if necessary.
• Prevention: Strategies to reduce the risk of recurrent kidney stones.

• Haemodialysis: Filtering the blood using a machine for patients with severe kidney dysfunction.
• Peritoneal Dialysis: A home-based treatment that uses the lining of the abdomen to filter blood inside the body.
• Dialysis Access Management: Creating and maintaining access points (e.g., fistulas, catheters) for dialysis treatment.

• Pre-Transplant Evaluation: Assessing patients for eligibility for a kidney transplant.
• Post-Transplant Care: Monitoring patients after transplantation, managing immunosuppressive medications, and preventing rejection.
• Living Donor Transplants: Evaluating and facilitating kidney transplants from living donors.

• Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease: Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure to prevent or slow the progression of kidney damage in diabetic patients.
• Monitoring: Regular testing for early signs of kidney damage in patients with diabetes.

• Diagnosis and Monitoring: Imaging and genetic testing to diagnose PKD and monitor the growth of kidney cysts.
• Symptom Management: Managing pain, high blood pressure, and kidney function in PKD patients.

• Management: Treating kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through medication and close monitoring.

• Options Counselling: Educating patients about dialysis and transplant options when kidney function is severely impaired.
• Palliative Care: Supporting patients who choose not to pursue aggressive treatment options.

• Risk Assessment: Identifying patients at risk of developing kidney disease due to factors like diabetes, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.
• Lifestyle Interventions: Promoting diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes to maintain kidney health.

• Recurrent UTI Management: Treating and preventing UTIs that could affect kidney function, especially in patients with underlying kidneydisease.
  
  The Nephrology Department often collaborates with other specialists, including
  
  endocrinologists, cardiologists, urologists, and dietitians, to provide
  comprehensive care for patients with complex kidney-related conditions.